Use LEAP's optional Affordability Analysis features to examine the costs to consumers of different scenarios and how they compare to the incomes of those consumers (or the revenues of industrial consumers). The affordability of scenarios can be a good indicator of their achievability, and can also be important in helping to understand if pathways meet environmental social justice goals.To set up a...

This report reviews the literature on the distributional consequences of climate change and mitigation and transition pathways. The heterogeneous levels of exposure and vulnerability to climate change across countries, regions, households, and workers hint at the significant distributional costs of inaction. Climate policies will likely trigger a reallocation from “high-polluting” sectors to “gree...

Environmental challenges can take a significant toll on human health and well-being. When considering new policies to tackle these challenges, it is essential to evaluate both the benefits and costs  - monetising these when possible. For the past several decades, the OECD has supported policymakers in their design of regulations through structured analysis and cutting-edge data.Cost-benefit a...

This article considers the treatment of cobenefits in benefit-cost analysis of federal air quality regulations. Using a comprehensive data set on all major Clean Air Act rules issued by the Environmental Protection Agency over the period 1997–2019, authors show that (1) cobenefits make up a significant share of the monetized benefits; (2) among the categories of cobenefits, those associated with r...

Air pollution is Europe’ s greatest environmental health risk. It reduces quality of life, causes diseases and leads to preventable deaths. Air pollution has steadily decreased across Europe over the last two decades. In particular, this is due to the implementation of European, national and local legislation to reduce emissions of air pollutants and improve air quality. As part of these policies,...

This report provides inputs for the inclusion of black carbon and air pollution mitigation in the long-term climate strategy of Chile. It includes the analysis of the black carbon emission reductions of the main sectoral measures for greenhouse gas mitigation and the impacts of long-term policies for air quality (decontamination plans) on black carbon and greenhouse gases emissions. ...

This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical (1990–2010) global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, w...

This report presents results from a comprehensive assessment of the benefits and costs of air quality management in the Santiago Metropolitan Region over the past three decades. During this time period, regulatory actions led to significant improvements in the region’s air quality. While these improvements are well documented, the benefits and costs of the regulatory action remain poorly understoo...

The NowCast uses hourly PM measurements to estimate a real-time AQI. The daily AQI for PM is calculated using a 24-hour average, meaning the true AQI can’t be calculated until that period is over.To provide an AQI estimate in real time, the NowCast uses a weighted average of the past 12 hourly measurements. When hourly PM measurements change quickly, the most recent hourly measurements of the past...

This report is the regulatory impact analysis (RIA) for the final amendments to the Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional (ICI) Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is promulgating national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for new and existing industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers and process heaters. ...