The AQUA tool is an easy-to-use excel spreadsheet model that city staff can use with minimal guidance. It uses population, exposure, health and economic cost data, as well as epidemiologic evidence to help users calculate how emission changes can benefit local air quality and health....

The Pathways Air Quality ('Pathways-AQ') decision-support tool is an extension of the existing C40 Pathways tool. The original tool models city-level greenhouse gas emissions over time and allows users to input hypothetical actions, such as shifting to energy efficient household appliances, to estimate how they would change the city's total emissions by the year 2050. Pathways-AQ works the same wa...

This lecture illustrates the impacts of air pollution on building materials and structures. Air pollutants responsible for the degradation of materials, their economic impacts, and remedial measures have also been discussed....

This document provides detailed guidelines for an assessment team to undertake a cost of inaction assessment based on rigorous scientific methods and best available data. Such assessment would include quantification of pollutant emissions, concentrations, impacts and costs for alternative future scenarios with differential levels of air pollution. It also provides examples of good practices in the...

This assessment provides a preliminary quantification of the costs of not taking further action on air pollution in Indonesia. It quantifies and compares the potential health costs that come under a scenario in which no further measures beyond current policy are taken, with future scenario in which 12 solutions (bundles of measures) are introduced. In addition to looking at health impacts, the ass...

This assessment provides a preliminary quantification of the costs of not taking further action on air pollution in Cambodia. It quantifies and compares the potential health costs in two alternative scenarios, one in which no further measures beyond current policy are taken, with a future scenario in which 12 solutions (bundles of measures) are implemented. In addition to looking at health impacts...

This assessment provides a preliminary quantification of the costs of not taking further action on air pollution in Thailand. It quantifies and compares the potential health costs in two alternative future scenarios, one in which no further measures beyond current policy are taken, with a future scenario in which 12 solutions (bundles of measures) are implemented. In addition to looking at health ...

The central tool developed and maintained by the PM group for this purpose is the Greenhouse gas - Air pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model. GAINS is available as an open-access online tool with different regional interfaces which allow the user to create and manipulate emission scenarios and analyze their costs and environmental impacts. This user guide provides an introduction on h...

The report aims to encourage ratification and implementation of the protocols to the Convention, in particular the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone, as amended in 2012, demonstrating to policymakers the comparison of the costs of inaction on air pollution – defined as the damage to health, ecosystems and economy – with the costs of taking action, defined as th...

Section 812 of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop periodic reports that estimate the benefits and costs of the Clean Air Act. The main goal of these reports is to provide Congress and the public with comprehensive, up-to-date, peer-reviewed information on the Clean Air Act’s social benefits and costs, including improvements in human healt...