TRUE Initiative’s “Remote sensing 101” explains how roadside remote sensing systems use absorption spectroscopy and a light source/detector setup to measure pollutant concentrations in exhaust plumes from passing in-use vehicles.The page notes that each measurement lasts less than one second and lists pollutants that can be estimated (e.g., NO, NO2, CO, HC, CO2, SO2, NH3), with particulate matter ...

This study examines the continued environmental importance of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) despite the global transition toward electric vehicles. It identifies major challenges affecting vehicle emission control, including manufacturer cheating, owner tampering, malfunctioning emission systems, and weak in-service emissions programs. The analysis shows that these issues significant...

This report examines the need to establish a national in-use vehicle testing programme in India to address rising vehicular emissions caused by aging and poorly maintained vehicles. It finds that the existing Pollution Under Control (PUC) system, based mainly on idle emission tests, is ineffective in ensuring real-world compliance with emission standards. Drawing on international best practices, p...

Singapore adopts vehicle emission standards largely aligned with Euro regulations, applying strict fuel quality rules and mandatory inspections to control transport emissions and maintain air quality compliance....

Illegal manipulation (i.e., tampering) of vehicles is a severe problem because vehicle emissions increase orders of magnitude and significantly impact the environment and human health.This study measured the emissions before and after representative approaches of tampering of two Euro 6 Diesel light-duty passenger cars, two Euro VI Diesel heavy-duty trucks, and a Stage IVDiesel non-road mobile mac...

The ECE 15 + EUDC cycle (NEDC) was an EU laboratory test for measuring light-duty vehicle emissions and fuel consumption, combining urban and extra-urban driving conditions to standardize type-approval assessments....

The European Commission establishes under Directive 2014/47/EU a harmonised framework for technical roadside inspections of commercial vehicles across the European Union to improve road safety and environmental protection. The Directive introduces minimum common requirements for inspecting vehicle roadworthiness during operation, complementing periodic testing systems already in place. It requires...

The European Commission, through Directive 2014/45/EU, established a harmonised framework for periodic roadworthiness testing of motor vehicles and their trailers across the European Union. The directive aims to improve road safety, reduce vehicle-related emissions, and ensure the proper functioning of the EU Single Market by setting minimum inspection requirements applicable in all Member States....

The European Commission, through Regulation (EU) No 582/2011, established detailed technical and administrative provisions for implementing the Euro VI emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles and engines across the European Union. The regulation strengthens the EU type-approval framework by defining testing procedures, emission verification requirements, and conformity mechanisms to ensure that...

The European Commission, through Regulation (EU) 2017/1151, established updated technical and administrative requirements for the type approval of light passenger and commercial vehicles with regard to pollutant emissions, fuel consumption, and access to repair and maintenance information. The regulation introduces the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) to replace the outdat...