Chapter 4 of the UNEP Frontiers 2018/19 report, titled "The Nitrogen Fix: From Nitrogen Cycle Pollution to Nitrogen Circular Economy," discusses the widespread issue of nitrogen pollution and its significant impact on the environment and human health. The chapter emphasizes the need to transform nitrogen management from a linear to a circular economy to mitigate these effects. It highlights the im...

Tourism may have important positive and negative economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. However, cultural and natural resources are also the base to the development of competitive destinations and changes in these resources can have an important impact on tourism development. Despite the considerable literature regarding the impacts of tourism, a limited number of studies examine the ...

The Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity provide a framework for assisting Governments, indigenous and local communities, resource managers, the private sector and other stakeholders, about how to ensure that their uses of biological diversity will not lead to its long-term decline. The principles highlight how ecosystems contribute to and maintain cultures...

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting—Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) is a spatiallybased, integrated statistical framework for organizing biophysical information about ecosystems, measuring ecosystem services, tracking changes in ecosystem extent and condition, valuing ecosystem services and assets and linking this information to measures of economic and human activity. It was developed ...

Natural capital accounting provides a way to integrate the value of ecosystem services into national economic reporting systems and is increasingly being adopted around the world. In this National Ecosystem Services Partnership (NESP) webinar, hear from Ken Bagstad (USGS), Scott Wentland (BEA), Mehdi Heris (Hunter College), and Katie Warnell (Duke University) about pilot natural capital accounts f...

The report begins with a general overview of the basics behind the nature and science of visibility. Included in this section is a discussion on what causes visibility impairment, how visibility is impaired, how humans perceive visibility impairment, and how it is measured. The second section presents both historical trends on national visibility and examples of visibility degradation at specific ...

This assessment provides a preliminary quantification of the costs of not taking further action on air pollution in Indonesia. It quantifies and compares the potential health costs that come under a scenario in which no further measures beyond current policy are taken, with future scenario in which 12 solutions (bundles of measures) are introduced. In addition to looking at health impacts, the ass...

This document provides detailed guidelines for an assessment team to undertake a cost of inaction assessment based on rigorous scientific methods and best available data. Such assessment would include quantification of pollutant emissions, concentrations, impacts and costs for alternative future scenarios with differential levels of air pollution. It also provides examples of good practices in the...

This lecture illustrates the impacts of air pollution on building materials and structures. Air pollutants responsible for the degradation of materials, their economic impacts, and remedial measures have also been discussed....

The Pathways Air Quality ('Pathways-AQ') decision-support tool is an extension of the existing C40 Pathways tool. The original tool models city-level greenhouse gas emissions over time and allows users to input hypothetical actions, such as shifting to energy efficient household appliances, to estimate how they would change the city's total emissions by the year 2050. Pathways-AQ works the same wa...