This chapter presents a methodology that will enable the user, having knowledge of the source being controlled, to produce study-level estimates of the costs incurred by regulated entities for a control system applied to that source. The methodology, which applies to each of the control systems included in this Manual, is general enough to be used with other “add-on” systems as well. Further, the ...

UNSD maintains the Energy Statistics Database, which provides annual statistics on production, trade, transformation and consumption (end-use) for solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, electricity, and heat. The database contains data in their original units (e.g. metric tonnes, GWh) as well as calorific values to allow interfuel comparison in a common energy unit (terajoules). The Energy Statistics D...

The Solid Waste Emissions Estimation Tool (SWEET) is an Excel-based tool that quantifies emissions of methane, black carbon, and other pollutants from sources in the municipal solid waste sector. The tool provides emissions and emissions reduction estimates at the project-, source-, and municipality-level. Cities can use this information for multiple purposes, including establishing a baseline sce...

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for agricultural production and from an environmental perspective. This research determined the chemical composition of SOC and studied factors related to its distribution for various crops and peat-swamp forests in the tropical region. In total, 21 topsoil samples were collected from areas of paddy rice, sugarcane, cassava, pineapple, oil palm, para rubber, ...

Wildfires are thought to be increasing in severity and frequency as a result of climate change. Air pollution from landscape fires can negatively affect human health but human exposure to landscape fire-sourced (LFS) air pollution has not been well characterized at the global scale. Here, we estimate global daily LFS outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and surface ozone concentrations at 0.25°...

Brief DescriptionCoST (Control Strategy Tool) allows users to estimate the emission reductions and costs associated with future-year control scenarios, and then to generate emission inventories with the control scenarios applied. CoST is a component of the Emissions Modeling Framework (EMF), which is currently used by EPA to solve many of the long-standing complexities of emissions modeling. Emiss...

WorldPop is an interdisciplinary applied research group focusing primarily on supporting improvement of the spatial demographic evidence base and the use of these data for health and development applications, including addressing the Sustainable Development Goals. Its mission is to enable decision makers to harness the power of spatial demographic data through high quality applied research, to ach...

Exposure to air pollution prematurely kills 7 million people globally every year. Policy measures designed to reduce emissions of pollutants, improve ambient air and consequently reduce health impacts, can be effective, but are generally slow to generate change. Individual actions can therefore supplement policy measures and more immediately reduce people’s exposure to air pollution. Air quality i...

Exposure to air pollution has a detrimental effect on health and disproportionately affects people living in socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Engaging with communities to identify concerns and solutions could support organisations responsible for air quality control, improve environmental decision-making, and widen understanding of air quality issues associated with health. This scoping rev...

Pursuing inclusive climate action in cities is critical, but not always easy or straightforward. Inclusive community engagement underpins the delivery of equitable climate policies, and helps to ensure that impacts are fairly distributed across the population. This executive guide on inclusive engagement explains the importance of inclusive climate action in cities, summarises the critical steps f...