This report presents the results of an in-depth epidemiological study conducted across the Highveld Priority Area (HPA), the Vaal Triangle Priority Area (VTPA), and the Waterberg Bojanala Priority Area (WBPA) in South Africa, focusing on the association between ambient air pollution and mortality. The analysis leverages advanced time-series and case-crossover modelling, particularly the Distribute...

This report presents the results of an in-depth epidemiological study conducted across the Highveld Priority Area (HPA), the Vaal Triangle Priority Area (VTPA), and the Waterberg-Bojanala Priority Area (WBPA) in South Africa, focusing on the association between ambient air pollution and mortality. By integrating data from 2005 to 2020, stratified by district, pollutant, and season, this study aims...

While reference-grade monitors have been traditionally used for air quality monitoring, based on their reliability and high accuracy, they also require a high investment and strong technical operation knowledge. Sensors refered to as ‘Low-Cost Sensors’ (LCS), on the other hand, have appeared in the recent years with improved technology related to the size and energy efficiency, lower cost and easi...

While reference-grade monitors have been traditionally used for air quality monitoring, based on their reliability and high accuracy, they also require a high investment and strong technical operation knowledge. Sensors referred to as ‘Low-Cost Sensors’ (LCS), on the other hand, have appeared in the recent years with improved technology related to the size and energy efficiency, lower cost and eas...

Open waste burning (OWB) remains one of the most widespread yet least effectively regulated sources of air pollution in Asia. An estimated 256 million tonnes of waste are openly burned annually where 84% is burnt in the backyards, streets, and institutional area and 16% of waste is burnt in the open dumpsites (Ramadan et al., 2026). The practice persists due to limited sorted-waste collection, wea...

In order to promote environmentally friendly behaviors, it is fundamental not only to consider and modify already existing infrastructure and facilities, or rethink physical prompts and cues in the environment, but also contemplate and target the cognitive traits inherent to any human being. Sustainable behaviors such as recycling, reusing and composting are driven by different motivations and bel...

The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) TA-9919 REG: Integrated and Innovative Solutions for More Livable Cities supports the efforts of developing members to build livable cities that are green, competitive, inclusive, and resilient by applying innovative and integrated solutions in project development, design, and execution. Approved in 2019, TA-9919 is aligned with ADB’s Strategy 2030 and its Operat...

European motor vehicle emission control legislation has not been effective in controlling emissions of all regulated air pollutants from light-duty diesel vehicles. Deficiencies in the current regulatory approach have been made clear in recent years. More and more diesel car manufacturers have been found to have deliberately circumvented the spirit of emission control legislation by optimizing sys...

The Project of Safer and Cleaner Used Vehicles for Africa was established to contribute to the safer sustainable development of Africa by creating access to safer and cleaner used vehicles. Various studies have been carried out by different international bodies on the quality of the vehicle fleet in developing countries and commonalities in these studies (two of which are examined in Chapter 3) wa...

Air pollutants of concern include traffic-related air pollution, including particulate matter in respirable coarse and fine size fractions. There are no critical studies to date into associations between knowledge, awareness, and attitudes in using proper respiratory masks and prevalence of respiratory symptoms among urban street vendors in Thailand. In this study, authors estimated adverse respir...