The objective of this paper was to review the integration of health impact assessment (HIA) into environmental health assessment (EIA) or EHIA, existing legal requirements for health risk analyses, and lessons learned for integrating HIA within EIA processes. The authors undertook literature searches for EHIA practices through academic publications, reports, and websites of public organizations an...

The attached slides are a tutorial on Health Impact Assessment (HIA) methods applied in different contexts. This method can be applied in the global scale (e.g. for the Global Burden of Disease), national scale (e.g. by the EPA to estimate PM2.5 burden of disease in the U.S.A), and at the local scale....

Health impact assessment is a systematic process that uses an array of data sources and analytic methods and considers stakeholder input to determine the potential effects of a proposed policy, plan, program, or project on the health of a population and the distribution of those effects within the population. HIA provides recommendations on monitoring and managing those effects. The goal of HIA is...

Health risk assessment is about providing information to make informed decisions. This document and framework have been developed to provide those involved in approval processes with an approach to consider health risks within the scoping stages of health and environmental impact assessments. The specific focus of the process described here is the Scoping stage of the approvals process but it coul...

The Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses are part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (the EPA's) commitment to improve the preparation and use of sound science in economic analysis to inform decision making. Written primarily for the economic analyst, the main purpose of this document is to define and describe best practices for economic analysis grounded in the economics literatu...

Policymakers are often faced with decisions affecting human health and mortality risk. For example, new vehicle fuel efficiency standards may lead to higher costs for consumers but could also save lives by improving air quality in urban areas, thus creating a trade-off between economic costs and the value of reducing mortality risk. Yet, too often, these economic trade-offs are not assessed in a s...

This toolkit was developed to help public health professionals communicate more effectively with policymakers.Public health professionals must communicate effectively with policymakers because they are the decision-makers who allocate resources, set priorities, and create the policies that determine community health outcomes. State and local policymakers are particularly influential in these areas...

In this paper, the authors present findings from a multiyear expert judgment study that comprehensively characterizes uncertainty in estimates of mortality reductions associated with decreases in fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in the U.S. Appropriate characterization of uncertainty is critical because mortality-related benefits represent up to 90% of the monetized benefits reported in the Envir...

Reduced-form modeling approaches are an increasingly popular way to rapidly estimate air quality and human health impacts related to changes in air pollutant emissions. These approaches reduce computation time by making simplifying assumptions about pollutant source characteristics, transport and chemistry. Two reduced form tools used by the Environmental Protection Agency in recent assessments ar...

The authors found that 1·67 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·42–1·92) deaths were attributable to air pollution in India in 2019, accounting for 17·8% (15·8–19·5) of the total deaths in the country. The majority of these deaths were from ambient particulate matter pollution (0·98 million [0·77–1·19]) and household air pollution (0·61 million [0·39–0·86]). The death rate due to household air pol...