Air pollution emissions can be affected by blending biodiesel, composed of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), into diesel fuel. Biodiesel increases the efficiency of fuel combustion due to its high oxygen content and high cetane number. Studies have found that biodiesel combustion results in lower emissions of PM, CO, and HC, likely for this reason. However, studies have consistently found that biodi...

The global demand for modern bioenergy, and especially liquid biofuels, is rapidly growing, driven mainly  by climate change mitigation policies and increasing oil prices. This creates both opportunities and risks. On one hand, modern bioenergy development can boost both agricultural and rural development, by raising agricultural productivity, creating new employment and income-generating opp...

As a Party to the Paris Agreement, Namibia is committed to contribute to the global efforts towards meeting its Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) by reducing its emissions and increasing its removals. Namibia targets a reduction of its projected national emissions by 7.669 Mt CO2 e while concurrently increasing its removals by 4.233 Mt CO2 e for a total mitigation potential of 11.902 Mt CO2 e. Successful...

This publication focuses on countries within the scope of intervention of the French Development Agency(AFD), which has provided the source material presented in Annex 3, supporting this report. It highlights the critical role that solid waste management can play in achieving global climate objectives, particularly through its inclusion in countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Whi...

The objective of this guidance document is to improve upon the approach to waste management, which in most developing countries is disorganised, haphazard and under-resourced. This document aims to remedy the problem by establishing a clear rationale for making waste management a national priority, and by providing an organised, logical set of steps to tackle that priority through the creation and...

The report of the ministerial segment of the resumed 18th session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) includes Decision 18/1(b): "Towards phasing out open burning of waste in Africa" which sets a target of a 60% reduction in open waste burning in Africa by 2030 and the full elimination of the practice by 2040. ...

These guidelines for the development of municipal waste management plan were developed as part of the joint UNIDO/UNITAR initiative: Stop Open Waste Burning. They cover the different activities local governments should undertake to develop a city action plan for waste management....

Background: Uganda, like many urbanising countries, is facing a challenge of increasing organic waste mainly due to the rapid urbanisation and population growth. This has resulted in improper disposal, open dumping, and burning, which have led to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental pollution, soil degradation, water contamination, and public health risks. This situation is compo...

The Waste Flow Diagram has been developed to provide a rapid assessment method for low and middle income communities or cities to understand their waste management systems. Tt helps to map and visualise municipal solid waste material flows and quantifies amounts, sources and fates of plastic leakage into the environment....

Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue. Open dumping and open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in low-income countries. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. The activity of the informal secto...