Northern, Southern and Equatorial Africa have been identified as among the regions most at risk from very high ozone concentrations. Whereas we know that many crop cultivars from Europe, north America and Asia are sensitive to ozone, almost nothing is known about the sensitivity of staple food crops in Africa to the pollutant. In this study cultivars of the African staple food crops Triticum aesti...

Water quality in the Delaware River, USA, has improved significantly since the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), Clean Water Act of 1972, and authorization of the Delaware River Basin Commission Compact in 1961. Initial economic analysis by the Federal Water Pollution Administration in 1966 concluded the multimillion dollar pollution abatement programme would generate $350 million in ann...

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) is a spatially based, integrated statistical framework for organizing biophysical information about ecosystems, measuring ecosystem services, tracking changes in ecosystem extent and condition, valuing ecosystem services and assets and linking this information to measures of economic and human activity. The framework ...

Willingness to Pay (WTP), Willingness to Work (WTW) and Willingness to Accept Compensation (WTA) are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’ willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology. The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’ willingness to pay, work and...

Tropospheric ozone can have a detrimental effect on vegetation, including reducing the quantity of crop yield. This study uses modelled ozone flux values (POD3IAM; phytotoxic ozone dose above 3 nmol m−2 s−1, parameterised for integrated assessment modelling) for 2015, together with species-specific flux-effect relationships, spatial data on production and growing season dates to quantify the impac...

Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) caused an estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide in 2015. However, PM emission standards for power plants vary widely. To explore if the current levels of these standards are sufficiently stringent in a simple cost-benefit framework, we compared the health benefits (avoided monetized health costs) with the control costs of tightening PM emission standard...

The Minimum Elements and Practice Standards for Health Impact Assessment (MEPS), updated in 2022, outlines the minimum criteria that an health impact assessment (HIA) should address, as well as best practices for conducting it. The MEPS is not a long, technical, step-by-step instruction manual for completing an HIA; rather it defines what needs to be included in a project for it to be considered a...

The Air Health Index (AHI) is a comprehensive early warning indicator that integrates the health risks of air pollution and ambient temperature. It aims to provide the public with a more comprehensive forecast of the overall health risks brought about by unsuitable atmospheric environmental factors.Based on the localized relationship between atmospheric environment and health exposure response in ...

A composite Air Health Index (AHI) is helpful for separately emphasizing the health risks of multiple stimuli and communicating the overall risks of an adverse atmospheric environment to the public. Authors aimed to establish a new AHI by integrating daily mortality risks due to air pollution with those due to non-optimum temperature in China. Based on the exposure-response (E-R) coefficients obta...

The simulation of greenhouse gases (GHG) and reactive trace gases and aerosol (COMPO) is a configurable extension of the IFS. These configurations are used in the operational forecast and reanalysis applications of the IFS for the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). This part of the documentation describes the simulation of the sink and source processes of atmospheric composition with...