China is challenged with the simultaneous goals of improving air quality and mitigating climate change. The “Beautiful China” strategy, launched by the Chinese government in 2020, requires that all cities in China attain 35 μg/m3 or below for annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) by 2035. Meanwhile, China adopts a portfolio of low-carbon...

This report explores recent developments in environmental cost-benefit analysis (CBA). This is defined as the application of CBA to projects or policies that have the deliberate aim of environmental improvement or are actions that affect, in some way, the natural environment as an indirect consequence. It builds on the previous OECD book by David Pearce et al. (2006), which took as its starting po...

Search 4900+ LEAP-related publications including case studies, evaluations, methodological enhancements, training videos, and other publications. You can search by author, title, publication, abstract, publisher, and year and filter by country/region, topic, and publication type.You can search on up to 8 keywords. Use the toggles to find publications with Any or All keywords, or make searches case...

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The revised Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Schedule 2025, published by the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) on 21 November 2025, establishes a regulatory, graded framework for managing air pollution across the National Capital Region (NCR). It sets out progressively stringent measures across four stages (Poor, Very Poor, Severe and Sev...

The report provides an assessment of the biological recovery from acidification in freshwater environments in Europe. The report consists of two parts; first an analysis of an international dataset of biological and water chemical records, secondly a collection of national contributions on monitoring and assessment of biological recovery.The regional analysis evaluates the biological recovery from...

Authors present long-term changes in Norwegian lake water quality across regional gradients in atmospheric pollution, air temperature, hydrology, and vegetation using (a) a national representative lake survey carried out in 1995 and 2019 (ThousandLakes), and (b) an annual lake survey from acid-sensitive catchments (78 lakes, TrendLakes) from 1990 to 2020. This analysis encompasses all major chemic...

Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) compounds and their long-range transport have caused widespread negative impacts on different ecosystems. Critical loads (CLs) are deposition thresholds used to describe the sensitivity of ecosystems to atmospheric deposition. The CL methodology has been a key science-based tool for assessing the environmental consequences of air pollution. W...

The number of fish populations affected or lost from small lakes in southern and central Finland due to acid precipitation is estimated. Tolerance limits (pH and labile aluminum) of common fish species were obtained from a fish status survey of 80 lakes. These tolerance values were used to estimate the proportion of affected lakes from the water chemistry data of 783 statistically selected lakes. ...