Residential heating with wood and coal is an important source of ambient (outdoor) air pollution; it can also cause substantial indoor air pollution through either direct exposure or infiltration from outside. Evidence links emissions from wood and coal heating to serious health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Wood and coal burning also emit carcinogenic com...

This paper summarizes the evidence about the health effects of air pollution from particulate matter and their implications for policy-makers, with the aim of stimulating the development of more effective strategies to reduce air pollution and its health effects in the countries of eastern Europe, the Caucasus and central Asia....

This report presents the results of a systematic review of evidence of the health effects of black carbon (BC). Short-term epidemiological studies provide sufficient evidence of an association of daily variations in BC concentrations with short-term changes in health (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiopulmonary hospital admissions). Cohort studies provide sufficient evidence of ass...

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels that is linked to mortality and morbidity. Household air pollution from burning fuels on poorly ventilated stoves can lead to high concentrations of CO in homes. There are few datasets available on household concentrations of CO in urban areas of sub-Saharan African countries. CO was measured every minu...

Future changes in exposure to risk factors should impact mortality rates and population. However, studies commonly use mortality rates and population projections developed exogenously to the health impact assessment model used to quantify future health burdens attributable to environmental risks that are therefore invariant to projected exposure levels. This impacts the robustness of many future h...

Emission factors (EF) are used for the calculation of emissions in compiling an inventory. It relates the quantity of emissions with the activity data of the emission source (EPA, 2017). This module compiled a curated list of references to aid users in determining appropriate EF values to use in inventory development. The focus of the document is to provide the user with an index of available and ...

The most effective means of communication and data presentation for emission inventory is through an attractive visual reference such as time trends and spatial distribution. Data visualization offers an approach that can help in making the numerical data more understandable and widereaching. There are numerous available data visualization programs and tools that are accessible online which can cr...

The availability of data, time, human, and financial resources will determine the type of EI methodology that can be adopted (NCCEH, 2011). Emissions inventory development can be challenging and tedious, hence it is important to adequately prepare especially in the assessment of data availability and planning for and executing the data collection process. This toolkit aims to guide air quality man...

The goal of this module is to itemize the process of creating source and emissions databases embedded within the EI development process. This aims to facilitate the streamlining of data collection processes at the city-level, to contribute to the development of more extensive inventory at a national or even regional level....

In Guidance Area 2, learners will understand key factors and processes involved in conducting emissions inventory and air quality modeling and identify priorities and appropriate measures to develop/improve emissions inventory processes and modeling. This module is divided into two sections: 1) Emissions Inventory – discusses what is emissions inventory and the information it can provide, differen...