In March 2011, EPA issued the Second Prospective Report which looked at the results of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020. According to this study, the central benefits estimate exceeds costs by a factor of more than 30 to one. The report was updated in April 2011....

The report aims to encourage ratification and implementation of the protocols to the Convention, in particular the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone, as amended in 2012, demonstrating to policymakers the comparison of the costs of inaction on air pollution – defined as the damage to health, ecosystems and economy – with the costs of taking action, defined as th...

The central tool developed and maintained by the PM group for this purpose is the Greenhouse gas - Air pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model. GAINS is available as an open-access online tool with different regional interfaces which allow the user to create and manipulate emission scenarios and analyze their costs and environmental impacts. This user guide provides an introduction on h...

This assessment provides a preliminary quantification of the costs of not taking further action on air pollution in Thailand. It quantifies and compares the potential health costs in two alternative future scenarios, one in which no further measures beyond current policy are taken, with a future scenario in which 12 solutions (bundles of measures) are implemented. In addition to looking at health ...

This assessment provides a preliminary quantification of the costs of not taking further action on air pollution in Cambodia. It quantifies and compares the potential health costs in two alternative scenarios, one in which no further measures beyond current policy are taken, with a future scenario in which 12 solutions (bundles of measures) are implemented. In addition to looking at health impacts...

The policy brief outlines the latest science on black carbon, examples of cost effective solutions, and recommendations for policymakers, funders and governments....

The objective of this article is to assess the status of the legal framework for air quality control in all countries of Latin America and Caribbean (LAC); to determine the current distribution of air monitoring stations and mean levels of air pollutants in all capital and large cities (more than 100 000 inhabitants); and to discuss the implications for climate change and public policymaking....

The aim of this trend report is to assess the effectiveness of air pollution policies under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and to document progress and identify remaining challenges. Trends in environmental and health responses to long-range transported air pollution are presented, primarily focusing on 1990 to 2012 and on Europe, with additional data from North Am...

At its fortieth session (18 December 2020), the Executive Body for the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution adopted a guidance document on integrated sustainable nitrogen management (ECE/EB.AIR/146, annex I, decision 2020/1). The current document contains the guidance document as adopted. The purpose of the document is to mobilize Parties’ efforts to control pollution from agricult...

Chapter 4 of the UNEP Frontiers 2018/19 report, titled "The Nitrogen Fix: From Nitrogen Cycle Pollution to Nitrogen Circular Economy," discusses the widespread issue of nitrogen pollution and its significant impact on the environment and human health. The chapter emphasizes the need to transform nitrogen management from a linear to a circular economy to mitigate these effects. It highlights the im...